Reference library

Names & Places

Guides and tools for converting personal, family, and geographic names from non‑Latin scripts into Latin letters.

9 published guides

Romanizing Geographic Names: Maps, Standards and Toponymy

A place can have several legitimate names in Roman letters. 北京 is internationally written Beijing, but historical English sources often use Peking. Москва may be romanized as Moskva, while English convention uses Moscow. القاهرة can become Al Qāhirah under a formal Arabic geographic-name system, yet English maps generally label it Cairo. 부산 is officially Busan […]

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Romanizing Personal Names: Standards, Variants and Identity

A personal name is not merely a word that can be converted mechanically from one alphabet into another. It is also an identity label connected to passports, education records, professional work, publications, financial accounts, family traditions, immigration files, and personal preference. For that reason, one name may legitimately have several Latin-script forms. The Korean surname […]

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